The New Israeli Nation between 1947-1967 Essay - 4173 Words

How was the new Israeli nation able to be born, to survive, and to prosper during the period of 1947-1967 despite being surrounded by hostile states? Introduction One of the biggest mysteries of the 20th century was the sudden creation of the Jewish state. It had been the dream of almost every Jew to have their own nation in which they would be free from persecution but its very creation appeared to be beyond human possibility. Almost 6 million Jews been viciously massacred under the â€Å"Final Solution† Plan of Nazi Germany and the remaining were dispossessed refugees. The small communities in Palestine faced fierce Arab resentment and British had disallowed any further immigration. Even when the state was finally declared in May 1948,†¦show more content†¦After the brutal anti Jewish pogroms in Russia in the 1880’s, Jews realized that remaining in Europe would no longer be an option. As a consequence, they decided to create their own nation-state. On of the first Zionist movements (Zionist; meaning advocates of returning to Palestine) was Hoveve Zion (Lovers of Zion). The movement originated in Russia in the 1880s. It established several Zionist towns in Palestine. Eventually, in 1893 the World Zionist Organization was founded by a correspondent of a Viennese newspaper, Theodor Herzl. He published a pamphlet; known as â€Å"The Jewish State† in which he argued that â€Å"since Jews were a nationality without land, they must attain land in order to construct a nation state.†(Mitchell, 2001) At the congress in Basel, Switzerland in 1897, the World Zionist Movement was established whose goal was to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Jews throughout the world donated 357 million in US dollars in its first year of existence. After unsuccessful attempts of negotiations with the Uganda and Argentine governments, they decided that the Jewish homeland would exist in Palestine. An old religious Jewish community known as the Old Yishuv had survived in Palestine throughout the rule of the Ottoman Empire and had virtually no conflict with their Arab neighbors (although there were laws which forbade Jews from building synagogues higher than mosques). In his book, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Mark Tessler, aShow MoreRelatedIsrael Is A Small Democracy At The Eastern End Of The Mediterranean1349 Words   |  6 Pagessecular (profess no religion). Most Israelis and many non-Israeli Jews, as well as other supporters of Israel worldwide, see Israel as a refuge for Jews made necessary by the Holocaust, the Nazi-engineered genocide of approximately six million European Jews from 1941 to 1945. Most scholars acknowledge the existence of an ethnically distinct population of Arabs living in Palestine, the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, that predates Israeli independence. Arabs living in PalestineRead MoreThe Arab Israeli War ( 1948-49 ) A Political Conflict?1719 Words   |  7 PagesLuke Horsley Preliminary Modern History Mr. Powell Historical Investigation â€Å"To what extent was the First Arab-Israeli War (1948-49) a political conflict?† WORD COUNT: 1388 In order to assess to what extent the First Arab-Israeli war was a political conflict, a working definition of ‘political conflict’ is needed. In this essay, the phrase ‘political conflict ’ refers to conflict motivated or influenced by a nation’s government or by the power, interests and securityRead MoreConflict In Israel, Israel And The Arab War925 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves as Palestinian before arabs and the new jewish zionist movement called for a jewish state. From the end of the first world war to 1947 both groups claimed the land as their own. That was until the Holocaust. The atrocities committed in the second world war against the Jews caused international support for the creation of a jewish state. The populus opinion led to the 1947 UN proposal of a two state solution. This divided the land between the groups with an international zone around theRead MoreThe Conflict Between Arabs And Jews1788 Words   |  8 Pages 1967: War in the Middle East Jose Manuel Santoyo Midterm Research Assignment History 3390 Sabri Ates The 1967 war, also known as the six day war, was a continuation of the conflict between the Arabs and Jews. This war is significant because it helped reshape the political landscape of the region, and the reconfiguring of the Israeli borders due to the occupation by Israel after they defeated the Arab states in six days. The war also established Israel as a superpower in the middleRead MoreA Brief Note On The World Book Encyclopedia1151 Words   |  5 Pageshistoric land in which both Judaism and Christianity were originated. It is considered â€Å"The Holy Land† because it is a sacred place to the Muslims and many stories in the Christian Bible take place in Palestine. Palestine’s geographical location between Egypt and southwest Asia has caused it to be the center of many wars for thousands of years. Arab and Jewish inhabitants of Palestine fought for control of the territory and in 1949 Palestine was split apart into Israel, Jordan, and Egypt makingRead MoreThe C reation of Israel was the Turning Point2997 Words   |  12 Pagespartition plan in 1947, the state of Israel was created in 1948. I will be discussing the extent to which the creation of Israel was a turning point throughout a hundred year period. The conflict can be split up into 3 different strands which include: Arab Israeli, Palestinian-Israeli, Western involvement. The Arab-Israeli conflict is the regional conflict that erupts in 1948 when the newly created Arab states invade Israel and is partially resolved by 1996. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is theRead MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict : Israel Palestine Conflict Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurred with the swift Israeli victory in the 6 day war of 1967, when Israel occupied the territories. Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories bar Gaza strip ( territorially miniscule) has morphed into a sort of colonialism as Israel has buil a number of settlements on the territories it found in control of after 1967, which practically amounts to an annexation of the land. Therefore, the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict is essentially a conflict over Israeli colonization, the onlyRead MoreThe Tumultuous Transformations Of The Arab World899 Words   |  4 Pagesroom resembled more of an auditorium packed with millennials, senior citizens and age groups in between, all with their full attention on the speaker. Throughout his talk, Khouri explained how the last century has been exceptionally problematic for the Arabians due to zero political development, the Arab Israeli conflict, and the Arabian revolution. Khouri’s main argument is that there is an entirely new situation at hand due to Turkey, Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia currently driving the actual developmentsRead MoreThe Middle East Conflict Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East Conflict The country previously known as Palestine but now as Israel has sparked major military and political confrontations between Arabs and Israelis during the 20th century in the Middle East. The area, which both groups of people claim is rightly their homeland is smaller then Britain, surrounded on the West by the Mediterranean Sea and on the other sides by neighbouring Arab countries. The Israelis believe it is rightly their homeland becauseRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? The Arab-Israeli conflict is a hotly contested issue both in the Middle East and the broader global community.1 The modern conflict is essentially a dispute over the area known up until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jews and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the region

family health assessment - 1396 Words

Family Health Assessment A family consists of a group of interacting individuals related by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption who interdependently perform relevant functions by fulfilling expected roles. (Edelman, Kudzma, Mandle, 2014, p. 150) The family has various functions that include teaching members’ values, morals and beliefs as they relate to health practices. Health can be defined as a complete state of wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease. Gordon’s functional health patterns are a methodology developed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 to be used as a guide to establish a comprehensive nursing database (Kriegler Harton, 1992). Gordon’s eleven functional health patterns are; health perception/ health†¦show more content†¦No one in the family has problems with urination or their bowel movements. Pattern of Activity and exercise Activity and exercise assessment is focused on the activities of ADL’s, exercise and leisure activities (Kriegler Harton, 1992). Activities and exercise is limited in this family due to the parents work schedule. The father runs and exercises both at home and at the YMCA when time allows, which is a few times a week. The grandmothers mobility is limited due to balance issues, although she is participating in physical therapy at the present time for strengthening. They don’t feel they exercise enough although they know how important it is for them to exercise especially with their diabetes. Normal ADL s are a minor problem for the grandmother although the grandfather helps her. The parents function at a high level with every day activities. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Cognitive and Sensory- Perception is the assessment is focused on the ability to comprehend and use information and on the sensory functions (Kriegler Harton, 1992). Data on neurologic functions are assessed. Mother and father have college degrees. Both grandparents have had cataract surgeries, so eyesight is adequate. Grandfather wears two hearing aids, sometimes, and grandmother is hard of hearing but has no hearing aids so verbal communication is sometimes amusing and sometimes frustrating for all involved. Grandfather has some dementia and is quiteShow MoreRelatedFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Family is so important in the society and it is a blessing from God. Healthy behaviors learn from within the family and family member’s stimulus one to each other with health promotion practices. There fore, the health behaviors are very essential in the family assessment and which notifies health-promotion and disease-prevention. Within families, members will be the first one to learn about to promoting health. Families have impact on children’s lifestyle choices. The AmericanRead MoreFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment1884 Words   |  8 Pages Family Health Assessment The family assessment involves a simultaneous data collection on individual family members or if able the whole family. The nurses and other healthcare professionals interview individuals and family as a whole to understand and assess the health of the family. This interview help professionals detecting the possible origin or factors contributes to the family’s health problems. The Gordon’s functional health pattern will be used as a model to collect and organizeRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1252 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment A family health assessment is an important tool in formulating a health care plan for a family. This paper will discuss the nurse’s role in family assessment and how this task is performed. A nurse has an important role in health promotion. To perform these tasks the author has chosen a nuclear family. By the use of family focused open ended questions, 11 functional health patterns were covered. This principle is known as the Gordon’s functional health patterns.Read MoreFamily Health Assessment1375 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Using Gordon’s functional health patterns to assess a family will guide the nurse in developing a comprehensive nursing assessment that is holistic in nature. Gordon’s functional health patterns are founded on 11 principles that are incorporated within the nursing practice. These 11 principles serve as a framework for a thorough nursing assessment in which to build a holistic and individual family care plan (Grand Canyon University, 2011). The author has developed family-focusedRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1150 Words   |  5 Pagesremember the family has an important role in the paradigm of health promotion for the patient. The roles in which the family plays in assisting the patient and providing care are crucial to the health of the patient and the well being of the family as a whole. One tool to assess not only a patient and their views on different aspects of health, but an entire family or even community is Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns. This as sessment tool incorporates eleven topics of health patterns. Health patternsRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1461 Words   |  6 PagesHeritage Assessment: Evaluation of families, cultures and views on health Anniemae Stubbs Grand Canyon University Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion NURS 429 Professor Alma Celaya June 19, 2016 Heritage Assessment: Evaluation of families , cultures and views on health Cultural Heritage is a concept that is passed on from one generation to the next that depicts how people live, act, behave, or think. It can be a noticeable or vague manifestation. It includes various customsRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1085 Words   |  5 PagesFAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT This assessment was conducted after interviewing the Nelson family using Gordon’s functional health pattern. Marjorie Gordon developed a method to be used by nurses in the nursing process to provide a comprehensive nursing assessment. It includes eleven principles for the collection of data and helps the nurse identify two or more wellness nursing diagnoses. It is a systematic and standardized approach to data collection (â€Å"functional health† n.d.)Read MoreHealth Assessment Of Families And Their Health1399 Words   |  6 PagesHealth is directly related to the activities in which we participate in, the food we eat, and the substances to which we are exposed to daily. Where we live and work, our gender, age, and genetic makeup also impact our health. (Nies, 2011) Assessments of family’s health are to help focus on the control and prevention of diseases. Health assessment assist in determining an individual’s perception of their quality of life along with the family’s perception as a whole. This also helps to define a person’sRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1465 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Family health and wellness can be influenced by many factors such as society, culture, religion, and family members. Somehow, society, culture, religion and families are connected to each other. To understand an individual, it’s important to understand the family system of an individual. Health practices, whether effective or ineffective, are activities performed by individuals or families as a whole to promote health and prevent disease (Edelman, 2010). A family healthRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1537 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Health Assessment Melody Moore Grand Canyon University NRS-429V Instructor: Renita Holmes May 10th 2013 Family Health Assessment A comprehensive family assessment provides a foundation to promote family health (Edelmanamp;Mandle, 2011).Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method developed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 in which she proposed functional health patterns as a guide to establishing a comprehensive data base.(Kriegleramp;Harton,1992).Gordon’s eleven functional health

Future Implications of Abandoning Performance Management System

Question: What Are The Future Implications Of Abandoning Performance Management System? Answer: Introduction Human resource management is an approach that allows business organisations in ensuring proper management of their workforce and to optimise their performance levels. Human resource management was coined during the industrial revolution and has greatly evolved since then (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Today, human resource management is considered to be one of the key functional areas of a business organisations and uses a number of strategies, such as training and development, recruitment and selection, performance management, career development, etc. to foster a better workplace environment and better relations between employers and employees(Hendry, 2012) Performance management is one of the most important core functions of a human resource management department. A system of performance management allows business organisations to plan, monitor and assess the performance levels of its workforce and to become more productive profitable by achieving an increase in the workforce performance levels (Dooren, Bouckaert, Halligan, 2015). The report is aimed at studying the case of Accenture and gaining a deeper insight into its decision to drop its system of performance reviews. Analysing Accentures decision to drop performance reviews The present day business world is complex and highly competitive. The spread of globalisation has raised the bar of competition even higher. The complexity of the modern day business world is forcing the business organisations to drop their traditional human resource management practices because of their inability to achieve what they are intended to. Some of the human resource management practices have become so invalid that they have been fostering negative behaviour in the workplace. Performance reviews is another human resource management practices that has lost some of its credibility to achieve a positive impact on the performance of the employees. According to one of the research conducted by the Harvard Business Review, almost one-third of the American business organisations, including some big multinational companies like IBM, Dell, Deloitte, etc., had already put an end to their performance review practices and are still being followed by many other organisations (Cappelli Tavis, 2016). The decision of Accenture to drop its performance review strategy can be attributed to the changing market trends and the complexity of the business world. In order to sustain in the market for a longer period of time, being competitive and innovative is the only possible way. Business organisations have to do away with all their inefficient operations and practices so that they can become more efficient and can stay in the market competition for a longer period of time. The decision taken by Accenture to abandon its performance review system is a calculated move that might be justified on the companys parts. According to the senior management of the company, its system of reviewing employee performance was designed a long time back and even though it was expensive and required a lot of resources, it was failing to achieve its sole objective of fostering a performance oriented environment in the workplace. Instead, the management has been identifying certain negative aspects of the performance management system as a system that was based on forced rankings and plotting the performance reviews on a curve to come to a conclusion was measuring too much and was increasing the level of job dissatisfaction amongst the employees (American Management Association, n.d.). In other words, the performance management system of the company was going in a negative direction and will pose some great threats to the overall performance of the company if it is continuo usly used in the future. Therefore, it is important that the company puts an end to its system of performance reviews and introduces some changes into it that would help it in achieving its objectives and fostering better performance levels amongst the employees. On the other hand, the management of the company has already planned a new performance management system that would allow the employees to receive a feedback for their performance levels and will empower them to manage their own performance levels, which will be a better proposition than the present system (Heathfield, 2017). Therefore, the decision of the company to put an end to its system of performance reviews is completely justified and will definitely have a positive impact on the performance of the company in the coming times. Future implications of abandoning performance management system Performance management system is one of the most important core functions of a human resource management department and companies are laying a great focus on designing and implementing performance management systems that can help them in outperforming their competitors. Though it is obviously important to put an end to all those performance management systems that are dysfunctional but removing all of the performance management systems without having a new performance management system in place is not a smart move either (Hansen, n.d.). Dropping all performance management systems and implementing none in place of the old ones can have a drastic effect on a company like Accenture that has a workforce of 330,000 employees. Some serious implications of abandoning all performance management systems are discussed below: A decline in performance levels one of the most important consequences, which the managers need to keep in mind before dropping all performance management systems, is a decline in the performance levels demonstrated by the employees. In the absence of performance management systems, it become difficult for the management to foster a competitive workplace environment. In absence of performance management systems, it also becomes difficult to make the job interesting for the employees and to keep them engaged, which ultimately has a direct impact on the performance level of the workforce (CEB HR, 2016). Implications for managers dropping all performance management systems can have some serious implications for the managers as well. In absence of performance management systems, it becomes very difficult for the managers to be aware of what the employees are doing and if they are meeting their performance objectives or not. In absence of performance data, managers become incapable of communicating with the employees because they lack sufficient information about their performance levels. As a result, the managers of a business organisation can become inefficient in carrying out their job duties and responsibilities in case all performance management systems are dropped by the management (Puckett, 2015). Reduced employee motivation Maslows need hierarchy theory is an exceptional theory that has been helpful in identifying certain needs of the employees that can have a motivational effect on them. In Maslows need hierarchy theory and also in some of the other need theories, it has been identified that challenging work, rewards and recognition are some important factors that can help a management in keeping its employees motivated and engaged. In case an organisation plans to drop all of its performance management systems, it will not be able to make the work more challenging for the employees and would also not be able to reward or recognize the efforts that the employees have put in for the achievement of organisational goals and objectives (Lauby, 2014). Thus, it will become difficult for a company to motivate its employees if there is no performance management system in the workplace. Training need assessment and succession planning one of the biggest advantages of having a performance management system is that it helps business organisations in analysing the performance gaps in the workforce and assessing the skills associated with it. Identifying performance and skill gaps allows business organisations in identifying the training needs of the employees and arranging for training and development programs that can help them in learning the skills that they lack and becoming more competitive (hr-survey.com, n.d.). Furthermore, performance management systems also allow business organisations to identify those employees who have the potential to take up higher job positions in the future. By identifying such employees, human resource managers can develop them to take up higher job positions and can offer them with new growth opportunities (APSCo, 2017). In absence of a performance management system in the workplace, an organisation will face difficulties in assessin g the training needs of the employees and in succession planning. Higher employee turnover rates employee turnover rate is defined as the percentage of employees that leave a company (Mayhew, n.d.). In absence of performance management systems, there will be less employee engagement, motivation, satisfaction and training and development programs. Overall, the growth opportunities for the employees will reduce and the employees might start to quit a company because of lack of growth opportunities. From the above information, it is clearly evident that there will be a great negative impact on the performance levels of the employees and other human resource management practices in case a company drops all of its performance management systems. Recommendations to improve performance management system From the above information, it is clear that a company like Accenture might lose its market share and competencies to the competitive firms if it completely abandons all of its performance management systems. Dropping performance reviews can be an option but dropping performance management systems altogether will have negative implications. Therefore, the company should try to improve its performance management system rather than dropping it altogether and some recommendations that can be useful for the company are discussed below: First of all, the company can select a 360-degree feedback approach along with an MBO approach, also known as Management by Objectives. In a 360-degree feedback approach, employees will receive multiple and anonymous feedback from people who are working around them, such as their peers, juniors, seniors, managers, etc. Using such a system, the employees will be able to assess their own performance levels and regulate their behaviour to achieve higher performance objectives (Heathfield, 360 Degree Feedback: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly , 2016). One of the greatest advantages of a 360-degree feedback approach is that it acts as a self-assessment and self-regulatory technique for the employees and the idea of multiple anonymous feedback increases the reliability and accuracy of the information received. In addition to a 360-degree feedback system, the company can also introduce a Management by objective system in the workplace. Under this system, the managers and the employees work co llectively to formulate performance goals that are acceptable to both the employer as well as the employees (Drucker, 2013). Secondly, the company needs to adopt a more future oriented approach rather than focusing more on the past. The company should use the information received through the performance management system to plan its future and pay less attention to what has happened in the past (MBAofficial, 2011). Last but not the least, Accenture should definitely design and implement a performance appraisal system along with its performance feedback system in order to maximise the positive impacts. A performance appraisal system will help the management in rewarding and recognizing those employees who will contribute more towards the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. Performance appraisal system will also allow the company to re-inforce positive behaviour amongst the employees and to keep them motivated and engaged. It will also offer growth opportunities to the employees and will help in bringing down the employee turnover rates (Bigelow, n.d.) Conclusion Performance management systems are one of the most important core functions of a human resource management department and have a crucial role to play in the overall performance and profitable levels of a company. Accentures decision to abandon its system of performance reviews is somewhat justified because of the failure of the system in meeting its desired objectives but the company should understand the importance of having a performance management system in the workplace and should introduce changes in it rather than dropping it completely. Accenture can look into the recommendations discussed above and can strengthen its performance management system, which will offer some added advantages to the company in the longer run References American Management Association. (n.d.). When Measurement Goes Bad. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.amanet.org: https://www.amanet.org/training/articles/when-measurement-goes-bad.aspx APSCo. (2017, March 9). The Importance of Succession Planning. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.apsco.org: https://www.apsco.org/article/the-importance-of-succession-planning-3069.aspx Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers,. Bigelow, L. (n.d.). What Are the Benefits of Performance Appraisals to the Organization? . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-performance-appraisals-organization-15409.html Cappelli, P., Tavis, A. (2016, October). The Performance Management Revolution . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from hbr.org: https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-performance-management-revolution CEB HR. (2016, May 2). The Real Impact of Removing Performance Ratings on Employee Performance. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.cebglobal.com: https://www.cebglobal.com/blogs/corporate-hr-removing-performance-ratings-is-unlikely-to-improve-performance/ Dooren, V., Bouckaert, W. G., Halligan, J. (2015). Performance management in the public sector. Routledge. Drucker, P. (2013). People and Performance . Routledge. Hansen, J. (n.d.). The Disadvantages of Poor Performance Management . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.atiim.com: https://www.atiim.com/blog/the-disadvantages-of-poor-performance-management/ Heathfield, S. M. (2017, April 13). 10 Tips for Effective Performance Reviews. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.thebalance.com: https://www.thebalance.com/effective-performance-review-tips-1918842 Hendry, C. (2012). Human resource management. Routledge. hr-survey.com. (n.d.). Performance Management Systems. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.hr-survey.com: https://www.hr-survey.com/PerformanceManagement.htm Lauby, S. (2014, June 16). Heres What Happens When You Kill the Performance Appraisal . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.hrbartender.com: https://www.hrbartender.com/2014/recruiting/heres-what-happens-when-you-kill-the-performance-appraisal/ Mayhew, R. (n.d.). Employee Turnover Definitions Calculations . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/employee-turnover-definitions-calculations-11611.html MBAofficial. (2011, September 23). What are the modern methods of performance appraisal? Retrieved May 22, 2017, from www.mbaofficial.com: https://www.mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/human-resource-management/performance-planning-and-potential-appraisal/what-are-the-modern-methods-of-performance-appraisal/ Heathfield, S. M. (2016, August 14). 360 Degree Feedback: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly . Retrieved May 23, 2017, from www.thebalance.com: https://www.thebalance.com/360-degree-feedback-information-1917537 Puckett, J. (2015, April 20). The Importance of Performance Management. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from technologyadvice.com: https://technologyadvice.com/blog/human-resources/importance-of-performance-management/

Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc

Why do differences exist between the players and owners’ positions regarding the reported earnings of the Zephyrs? It is clear that agency conflicts exist between the owners and players of Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc. The main reason for the contentious issues is the profitability disbursement to between the club operations and players.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes yet the players want to get the most of their salaries and benefits. As such, an extensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. There are only a few areas we dispute, but these areas can have a significant impact on the overall profitability of the team. The owners have used three techniques to â€Å"hide† profits: (1) roster depreciation, (2) overstated player salary expense, and (3) related-party transactions. We feel it gives numbers that are not meaningful. The players’ version of the financial statements showed profits before tax of $24.5 million for 2009 and $23.6 million for 2010 as compared to the losses of $ 4.0 million end $7.4 million on the Owners’ statements. The accrual basis of accounting and the cash basis accounting have presented the major issues in paying for expenses as well as the type of expenses. Again, the period of bonuses payment has raised concern and arguments that have left Bill Ahern in confused state. The depreciation expense arises only when a team is sold, so you can have two identical teams that will show dramatically different results if one had been sold and the other had not. On the other hand, the players argued that their interpretation of skills and competencies was increasing with experience, which would increase goodwill or the value of the club. The owners had categorized the item under depreciation. Much contradiction arose from the thinking of the owners that depreciation is real because most of the players actually improve their skills with experience, so if anything, there should be an increase in roster value over time, not a reduction as the depreciation would lead you to believe. The owners had agreed to defer a portion of their salary for 10 years. That helps save them taxes and provides them with some income after their playing days are over. The players value their payment and feel this is a way of denying them their pay through hiding profits. Players argued that the owners had overstated player expense in several ways. One is that they expense the signing bonuses in the year they are paid. The players take the bonuses as a part of the compensation package, and that for accounting purposes, the bonuses should be spread over the term of the player’s contract. However, the contracts revealed clearly that the player is to receive, say, $1,000,000, of which $200,000 is deferred to the year 2018. In the same line, it indicates that the salary expense is $500,000.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why the owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes The owners want to reduce taxes to increase their share of earnings. Taxes reduce the profits that the company has earned. Therefore, reducing the value through allocation of depreciation will reduce earnings before income tax (EBIT). The percentage charge will effect on a lesser value. The company will have more retained profits, previously allocated to depreciation. This raises the value of the business. As such, the owners’ attain their main objective, which is to increase the wealth of the business . Again, it will reflect on less debt capital, and much equity financing. This raises the value of the firm and maximizes shareholders wealth. How should Bill Ahern resolve the accounting conflict between the owners and players? How much did the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club earn in 2009 and 2010? Extensive and intensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. This will enable Bill Ahern to handle the case under the same level of consideration. As such, the statements may be subject to auditing to ensure that they have met the qualitative and quantitative qualities according to international standards. As such, it will pave a clear way on expenses, depreciation and payment of bonuses. As such, should share in the teams’ profits according to the contracts signed between each other, which are in line with GAAP. Bill approached the accounting unit, depreciation, amortization of intangibles, and related-party transactions through construction of a new financial statement will reveal. This is urgent due to the tight deadline. Again, it was not at all obvious to him how to define â€Å"good accounting methods† for the Zephyrs Baseball Club. With the above adjustments, the net income shall change to profits of $11,981 in 2009, and $ 8,560.0 in the year 2010 (see the new income statement). Why did you make the decision? Why was depreciation removed? The decision made was the most adequate to solve the agency conflict. The approach considered the interest of the players and the owners. Depreciation was removed because the players improve in experience and they become better with time. As employees earn goodwill overtime, players also add value to the organization because of acquired experience and skills. Depreciation is normally allocated to fixed assets like equipment and machinery. In fact, players can leave anytime due to better opportunities or injuries. Therefore, depreciation was considered a mechanism of increasing the company owners’ wealth at the expense players’ payments.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case study on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc was written and submitted by user Aleena Spence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Food Poisoning Is Very Common. Many People Do Not Even Know They Have

Food Poisoning is very common. Many People do not even know they have it. It is caused by a bacterium. It usually takes larges numbers of food poisoning bacteria to be present in food in order to cause sickness. However, in ideal conditions, one bacterium can multiply to 2,097,152 within 7 hours. The ideal conditions for bacteria are a temperature range 5 degrees C- 60 degrees C. Bacteria need their own food to grow and multiply. They prefer dairy products, egg products, meat and poultry, smallgoods (not including salami), processed meat and chicken products, fish, shellfish, and fish products. They also need water. Some of the bacterias that cause food poisoning are Salmonella. This is commonly found in meat, poultry, eggs, and egg products. Symptoms include nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, fever, and headache. It usually takes 6-72 hours after consuming contaminated food. Symptoms can last form 3-5 days. Then there is Bacillus. Which is found in Cereals, rice, meat products, and packet soups. The symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps. Symptoms occur usually 1-6 hours after consumption. Symptoms usually last no longer than 24 hours. This bacterium produces spores that are not killed during cooking. When cooked food containing these spores, has been left in the temperature danger zone, the spores produce toxins in the food that can cause food poisoning. Followed by Staphylococcus aurous. Which is commonly found in meat and poultry, mayonnaise, and cream or custard filled desserts. Symptoms are acute vomiting, nausea, occasionally diarrhea, and cramps. They are usually felt 30 minutes-8 hours after consuming. Symptoms usually last 24 hours. The toxin is not destroyed during cooking. So correct storage of food is important. This bacterium is commonly found on the skin and in the nose and mouths of healthy people. Food Poisoning can be prevented by preventing food from becoming contaminated. Preventing the bacteria in the food from growing and multiplying. There is a chain of events. 1- there must be bacteria on the food 2- the bacteria must have the right conditions. 3- the bacteria must have time to grow. If any of these things are broken, food poisoning can be prevented. Some of the ways of breaking this chain are making sure your hands are clean before handling food. Thoroughly washing all equipment used for preparing raw food. Storing raw foods below cooked food in the refrigerator. Storing food correctly, not in the Temperature danger Zone, and making sure food is served as soon as possible after preparation. If you do all of these things you, probley will not get food poisoning. Which will save you many hours in the bathroom.

First an Emoji, Now a Suffix

First an Emoji, Now a Suffix First an Emoji, Now a Suffix First an Emoji, Now a Suffix By Maeve Maddox A writer at Business Insider begins his report on Merriam-Webster’s â€Å"word of the year† by saying, Merriam-Websters word of the year  is actually a suffix: -ism. Actually, ism has been used as a noun in English since 1680, when a critic referred to Milton as â€Å"the great Hieroglyphick of Jesuitism, Puritanism, Quaquerism, and of all Isms from Schism.† As defined in the OED, an ism is â€Å"a form of doctrine, theory, or practice having, or claiming to have, a distinctive character or relation: chiefly used disparagingly, and sometimes with implied reference to schism.† However, it does seem that whoever chose ism as â€Å"word of the year† was thinking of it as a suffix and not as a word. The M-W spokesman explained that the suffix was proclaimed â€Å"word of the year† because several nouns ending in it were the object of dictionary searches during 2015: socialism, terrorism, fascism, racism, feminism. Even if the M-W selection is a suffix and not a word, I find it more acceptable than Oxford’s 2015 choice of an emoji. At least -ism is made up of letters and is pronounceable. The word ism was used in reference to religious creeds such as Methodism, Catholicism, and Arianism up until the early nineteenth century. Later it was used in reference to political or social thought. In a citation dated 1820, Thomas Carlyle includes a political creed, Whiggism, as an example of an ism. In 1864, an ism can be â€Å"an untried social theory.† In 1928, Shaw wrote of â€Å"proletarian Isms.† Unlike most other suffixes, -ism is easy to use as a noun because it can be equated with the nouns doctrine and creed. As a suffix, however, -ism creates nouns with varying meanings. Here are the different uses, based on the entry for -ism in the OED: 1. The suffix -ism is used to form a simple noun of action, usually formed from a verb in -ize. It names the process or the completed action. For example, baptism, criticism, exorcism, mechanism, and plagiarism. 2. The suffix -ism can be used to form nouns that express the action or conduct of a class of persons or the condition of a person or thing. For example, (action/conduct) heroism, patriotism, despotism; (condition) barbarism, orphanism, medievalism. 3. The suffix -ism forms nouns that name a system of theory or practice, religious, philosophical, political, social, etc. For example, Buddhism, Calvinism, Liberalism, and Protestantism. 4. The suffix -ism is used to form class names or descriptive terms for doctrines or principles. For example, altruism, atheism, deism, egotism, and jingoism. 5. The suffix -ism is used to form a term that denotes a peculiarity or characteristic, especially of language. For example, Americanism, Anglicism, Gallicism, Latinism, Scotticism, and Southernism. In recent years, as society has become deeply concerned with issues of discrimination, still another use has been found for the suffix -ism: a. forming nouns with the sense â€Å"belief in the superiority of one [class or group] over another.† For example, racism, sexism, speciesism, etc. b. forming nouns with the sense â€Å"discrimination or prejudice against on the basis of [some characteristic]. For example, ageism, bodyism, genderism, weightism, etc. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†10 Techniques for More Precise WritingContinue and "Continue on"

Ghana Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ghana - Assignment Example The Ghanaian economy is highly dependent on external trade. According to the BBC World news source, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Ghana in 1990s was estimated at 7 billion US $ ($ 430 per capita); that in CÃ ´te d Ivoire is $ 1500, in Togo - 900, in Burkina Faso - $ 700. If comparing with the present period, from that time the GDP has rised to 48 billion, so the level of low income has also grown. In GDP the share of agriculture, forestry, and fishing is about 50%, industry and construction - about 16%, the rest falls on the service sector. Among the countries of sub-Saharan Africa Ghana in the general level of economic development and per capita income ($ 425) is one of the most developed countries, but still not as developed as the world leaders - the USA, China, the UK, Canada, etc. But the economic situation of the country wasnt always good. Since the mid-1950s to mid-1970s Ghanas economy has developed rapidly and in the period of 1955-1974 the annual GDP growth averaged 4%. After 1974 the economy has deteriorated significantly, and until the mid-1980s continued deep recession. The relative economic recovery began in 1984, and until 1995 the average annual growth rate of 4.7%. Annual population growth during the same period was estimated at about 3%. The reason for this is the predatory use of the rich natural resources of Ghana. Its economy has adapted exclusively to the needs of exploitation of the country by foreign monopolies. In their hands were entirely bauxite, gold and manganese ore, almost all logging and mining of diamonds. Foreign companies have also been buying cocoa beans from farmers. All these goods were exported from the country only in the form of raw materials, which hindered economic development of the country. The situation was no better in agriculture. Colonizers encouraged the introduction of the cocoa culture,

Chapter 3 & 19 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 3 & 19 - Assignment Example Offering customized packaging for customers is however an example of a secondary value and may change with financial constraint with the aim of minimizing cost while retaining utility (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). A company’s microenvironment and macro environment influences the entity’s decision through inducing constraints or opportunities. Factors in both scopes influences an organization’s decisions as it tried to adjust to constraints and opportunities that the environment offers. There are however many differences between macro and microenvironments. Micro environmental factors are limited to an organization or just a few organizations while macroeconomic factors are significant to all organizations in a set up. Examples of macroeconomic environment factors are political and cultural conditions, factors that affect all organizations, while suppliers and competitors are examples of micro environmental factors and their effects are limited to the subject organization (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). Exporting, joint venture, and direct investments are some of the strategies for adapting products into a global market. Exporting involves production in a country and then moving the products to the target market in a foreign country and may be direct or indirect. Joint venture however involves collaboration with natives from the target market for product delivery while direct investment involves independent ventures in the target market. Joint venture is the best strategy because it helps an entity to manage barriers market entry by ensuring a link between the entity and natives in the target market, challenges that are significant in cases of export and direct investments (Kotler and Armstrong, 2012). Tariffs and quotas are economic policies for regulating international businesses. Both policies can be used either to increase the flow of commodities across

Response to Intervention-RTI Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Response to Intervention-RTI - Research Paper Example In 2004, Learning Disabilities (LD) Roundtable partnership was formed by various learning national organizations such as the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities and allied organizations and they defined the critical features of RTI process (Klotz, 2007). The roundtable asserted that instructional and behavioral support offered in general education must always be based on high-quality research. RTI process also calls for universal behavior and academic screening of all students to allow for identification of the students that require enhanced interventions and closer monitoring. An effective RTI process should also be implemented in a tiered approach informed by scientific research to meet the needs of each individual student. The other feature of RTI is that it relies on the collaboration of the staff at the school to develop, implement and monitor the intervention process (Suckla et al., 2008). The Learning Disabilities Roundtable also explained that monitoring of the progress of a student under intervention must be carried out continuously and objectively to assess whether the student is able to meet the defined goals (Suckla et al., 2008). RTI process must also allow for carrying out follow-ups to ensure that the intervention is implemented properly and in accordance to the required consistency. Furthermore, RTI process must allow for the documentation of the parent involvement and adherence to special education assessment criteria as outlined in the IDEIA 2004 and other state regulations. (Suckla et al., 2008). Universal screening which is recommended in RTI and should be undertaken by school staff as an academic year begins to identify students who are not likely to meet the state grade level or the ones having emotional and behavioral problems which can negatively learning (Klotz, 2007). Universal screening is accomplished by either reviewing the current state test results or by giving academic and behavioral screening tests to students with a given grade. The students who score marks below a certain level are categorized as requiring specialized behavioral and academic interventions. According to Fletcher, Lyon, Fuchs and Barnes (2007), scientific and research-based instruction refer to particular curriculum and education intervention which have been identified as being effective, that is, it has been reported in

Analysing the Concept of Informed Consent in Healthcare

Analysing the Concept of Informed Consent in Healthcare Chapter 1-Introduction 1.1 In modern society, everyone has the basic right to consent to medical treatment. However, this is a recent development as consent was not always considered a critical issue in medical treatment. Hippocrates himself, advised doctors that they should conceal the effects of medical treatment from their patients, his reasoning being he believed that when patients were given relevant information they would take a turn for the worse. It was not standard practice for patients to question a doctors decision or authority. Recent changes have contributed to this change in attitude and as such altered the method of practice of a doctors obligation. The final years of the twentieth century as witnessed the most dramatic shift in the reputation of the medical profession within the United Kingdom, due to scandal after scandal plaguing doctors. Major news headlines left the doctor-patient relationship in a state of concern, for example, Doctors who steal organs face jail.This headline refers to the Bristol and Liverpool Hospital where it was discovered that they were retaining childrens organs, without consent or knowledge of the parents. It became apparent in the Bristol and Liverpool reports that organ retention, of both children and adults was widespread practice. Another significant humiliation for the medical profession was the case of Harold Shipman, a general practitioner who was convicted of murdering fifteen of his patients. Whether these circumstances are due to the actions of individualist or media influence makes little difference to the effect they had on societys viewpoint. There was need for change and this brought about the introduction of regulations and guidelines that protected both the patient and the doctor. 1.2 Informed consent was seen to break the doctor knows best concept and established a liberated choice for the patient. The locus classicus for informed consent is contained within the case Schloendroff v Society of New York Hospital, where it was held, â€Å"Every person being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body.† There are many examples within the UK system which confirms this principle of law, one being the case Re A (Minors) in which Robert Walker L.J stated, â€Å"Every human beings right to life carries with it, as an intrinsic part of it, rights of bodily integrity and autonomy The principle underpins the common law concerning consent to treatment within the UK. The consent that a patient has the right to choose is a fundamental part of receiving medical treatment. No considerations need to be examined whether the choice is rational or irrational, as the patient has an absolute right. 1.3 The Department of Health 1993 stated, â€Å"Consent is the voluntary and continuing permission of the patient to receive a particular treatment based on an adequate knowledge of the purpose, nature and likely risks of the treatment including the likelihood of its success and any alternatives to it.† Meaning any permission given under any unfair or undue pressure is not consent. Consent may be expressed or implied, however the validity of informed consent does not depend upon the form in which it is given 1.4 This dissertation will firstly consider the development of informed consent, as the English courts initially had reservations of its establishment and for this reason was gradually introduced in stages, until the case of Chester v Afshar which saw the full acceptance of the doctrine. It needs to be considered how the medical profession dealt with this change and in addition how patients themselves are exercising such powers. The effect in which the Human Acts 1998 has had on the courts decision making process will also be analysed to observe the relevance this may have had on informed consent. Another factor of informed consent includes giving sufficient information and the patients understanding of this. For informed consent to exist, the patient must have all the relevant information and capability to make an informed choice as to the treatment they decide to receive. This was made apparent in the case Reibiu v Hughes, where Laskin J stated, â€Å"the genuineness of consent to medical treatment depends on proper disclosure of the risks it entails† For informed consent to exist within the UK; provisions need to be made for those who are simply unable to give an informed choice. The capacity of a patient needs to be considered and if they lack this then a doctor must make a decision as to what is in the patients best interest. This can be seen to restrict informed consent as it goes against its true principle, however if a patient can not make an informed choice for themselves then it is only passable that someone has to act on their behalf. This dissertation will examine the procedure for this and how the law enables decisions to be made fairly and respectably. Chapter 2-The Development of Informed Consent 2.1 The area of law that needs to be established is the nature and scope of the duty to inform and the extent to which this has been incorporated into the English legal system. The existence of a duty to warn came about when the relationship between a doctor and the patient, which was based solely on trust, began to erode. There was a need for scrutiny and examination within the medical profession and this was achieved through the development of the law. The scope of the doctors duty of care is determined by a reference to the Bolam case. Mr Bolam agreed to electroconvulsive therapy to help improve his depression. He suffered fractures in the course of the treatment. The risk was known to his doctor, but he had not informed Mr Bolam of such. Mr Bolam alleged that the failure to warn him of the risk was negligent. The judge found that the amount of information harmonized with accepted medical practice and dismissed his claim. The judge, McNair J, directed the jury to the principle that, â€Å"A doctor is not guilty of negligence if he has acted in accordance with the practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art† Therefore, the defendant doctor had conformed with a practice which was approved by a responsible body of medical opinion. This test was known as the Bolam test and it determines whether the doctor fell below â€Å"the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill† 2.2 Where there is a difference of judgment between two differing medical opinions, the defendant will be given the benefit of the doubt. As a result a doctor would not be found negligent if the court is satisfied that there is a responsible body of medical opinion that considers the doctor had acted appropriately. This responsible body need not be the majority of the profession. It appears that the courts allowed the medical profession to set their own standard. A doctor simply needed to provide an expert testimony and the courts assumed that it must be responsible. In exceptional cases, the courts perceived some established practice to be substandard, however it appears that only one reported case has materialized where such a judgement has occurred. The case, Hucks v Cole, where a woman contracted puerperal fever due to her doctor failing to treat her with penicillin for her septic toe and finger. Although a number of distinguished doctors gave evidence that they would not have administrated penicillin, the Court of Appeal found the defendant to have been negligent. The Judge, Sachs LJ, commented that the courts have to be in a position to verify that the medical opinion stood up to logical analysis and that they are not merely tailored to fit the requirements of the respective parties cases. This judgement was one of rarity, as Judges would not ordinarily cross examine a doctors opinion on a logical basis. 2.3 Often cases were even more favourable to the doctor, as is witnessed in the case Hatcher v Black. In this case Lord Denning stated, â€Å"As a matter of law it might be justifiable for a doctor to tell a lie, when he only does that which many a wise and good doctor would do.† It can be concluded from this that it is entirely for the individual doctor to determine what to inform his patient, even if the doctor went so far as to opt for what his lordship termed a therapeutic lie. Professor Michael Jones expressed the state of play as a football score, â€Å"In six medical negligence claims before the House of Lords between 1980-1999 the score stood at Plaintiffs 0, Defendants 6†. 2.4 The Bolam test which was adopted by English law focused on accepted practice and responsible profession opinion. The story was very different in America, as the American Courts rejected the professional medical standard and instead emphasised the patients right to know what the risks are inherent in the treatment. In Canterbury v. Spence a US Court stated that the prudent patient should prevail and its the doctors duty to disclose to their patient any material risk in a proposed line of treatment. The prudent patient principle emphasises what the doctor needs to inform the patient, according to what the average reasonable patient would want to know about potential risks and treatment options. This is made evident when the Judge commented, â€Å"A risk is material when a reasonable person†¦.is likely to attach significance to the risk† Contrary to the English Courts, the USA placed more importance on the patients rights and exigencies than those of the doctors. However, soon after the Bolam decision the English law was making changes towards incorporating this American style of law, to incorporating the doctrine of informed consent. 2.5 The question that needs to be examined is to what extent the Bolam test does or should apply to the duty to inform. Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital was the subsequent, leading case to appear before the House of Lords that approached such a matter. While the majority of Lordships legitimatised the traditional test expressed in the case of Mr Bolam, the individual judgements were small steps towards informed consent. Four out of the five Law Lords rejected the transatlantic test that a duty to inform a patient should be based on the reasonable or prudent patient and Lord Scarman alone favoured this manner of law. 2.6 Lord Scarman made it apparent that he considered the patient to have the right to choose what happens to his body, which signified the patient needs to know the risks so can exercise an informed choice. He went on to express what he held to be the suitable relationship between a doctor and his patient, â€Å"There is room in our law for a legal duty to warn a patient of the risk inherent in the treatment proposed†. He went on to consider the doctrine of informed consent and its relevance in the Canterbury case, â€Å"I think the Canterbury propositions reflect a legal truth which too much judicial reliance on medical judgment tends to obscure† Lord Scarman acknowledged the patients rights and that the prudent patient principle made the doctors much more accountable for their actions. As such he rejected the current medical practice that a patient will be informed if he needs to be, as opposed to if he wants to be. Doctors, in Lord Scarmans view, should be liable where the risk is such that in the courts view a prudent person in the patients situation would have regarded it significant. He appears to suggest that the onus proof rests on the doctor to satisfy the court as to the reasonableness of any non-disclosure and therefore suggesting a support for informed consent. However, it must be noted that he did not find in favour of Miss Sidaway, on the basis that she failed to establish that the less than one per cent risk was such that a reasonable patient would consider significant. 2.7 In spite of this the speech of Lord Scarman has stood as a symbol of hope to those who argue for informed consent to be introduced into English law. Lord Diplock rejects Lord Scarmans scrutiny, as he maintains that the Bolam test covers all aspects of the doctors duty to care to his patient. However, he distinguished from the position where a patient asks a question about treatment, by stating â€Å"if the patient in fact manifested this attitude by means of questions the doctor would tell him whatever it was the patient wanted to know.† This illustrates that while Lord Diplock believed doctors were not be required to inform the patient of risks, he does not fully discount the patients rights. Lord Bridge also rejected the notion that a patient should be warned of all risks, yet â€Å"when questioned specially by a patient of apparently sound mind about risks involved in a particular treatment proposed, the doctors duty must, in my opinion, be to answer both truthfully and as fully as the question requires.† This gives the patient the option of asking for information from the doctor and if the doctor failed to do so then his duty of care could be in breach. However, Lord Templeman, expressed that this is not clear cut, as â€Å"the court will be slow to conclude that the doctor has been guilty of a breach of duty owed to the patient merely because the doctor omits some specific item of information.† It was important that Lord Scarman recognised the doctrine of informed consent and that the remaining four judges recognised the meaning of a patients ability to enquire and the doctor responsibility to notify. 2.8 It seemed that English legal system was initially hesitant to adopt informed consent into medical law. However, the approach taken in the case Gold v Haringey Health Authority contradicts that expressed by their Lordships in Sidaway. The claimant, in this case, indicated that she did not wish to have any more children and was advised to undergo a sterilisation operation after the birth of her third child. The operation was carried out but the claimant later became pregnant and gave birth to her fourth child. The Judge at first instances applied his own analysis as to what information the doctor should have given and found the defendant negligent. Upon appeal, Lloyd L.J held that the Bolam test should be strictly applied and he dismissed the view of the judge prior to him. He asserted that for the purposes of establishing the test as to the duty of care owed by a doctor to a patient no distinction needed to be made between advice given in a therapeutic and non-therapeutic context. In reference to Sidaway he stated, â€Å"the House of Lords could have adopted the doctrine of informed consent favoured in United States of America and Canada, but the House of Lords decided not to follow that path.† It seems clear from the Sidaway judgement that the nature to inform is more extensive than that of the Bolam test where no information is required. The decision in Gold repealed any progress been made towards informed consent and the judgement seemed to convey patient autonomy to be rather trivial 2.9 The view of Diplock in Sidaway has been regarded as the authoritative statement regarding the extent of the doctors duty. There has been a move away from the Diplock approach as seen in the case Pearce v. United Bristol Health Care NHS Trust which altered the analysis of a doctors obligation. Mrs Pearce, who was expecting her sixth child, was two weeks past her due date of delivery. She discussed the possibility of induction with her obstetrician who warned her of the risks of induction and caesarean surgery, but did not tell her that there was a 0.1 to 0.2 per cent risk of stillbirth associated with non-intervention. Mrs Pearces child was stillborn and she alleged that failure to warn her of the full risks was negligent. Lord Woolf, in this case, held that the patient had the right to know and stated the doctor should normally inform a patient of â€Å"a significant risk which would affect the judgment of a reasonable patient.† It was decided, however, that while a doctor is under an obligation to warn, the 0.1 to 0.2 per cent risk of stillbirth was not classed a significant risk. While the Pearce judgment did not go so far as to fully accept the doctrine of informed consent, it adopted elements of the reasonable test. The judgement goes a certain distance to reconcile the approaches of Lord Scarman, Lord Bridge and Lord Templeman in Sidaway. It isolated Bolam, which by Professor Margaret Brazier,who has wrote many publications on issues of medical law, was considered good as Bolam was â€Å"out of control and out of context, it came close to acquiring democratic status in some quarters.† The test for duty to warn was now suggested to be that the reasonable doctor must tell the patient what a reasonable patient wanted to know. The judgement signified a more patient-friendly approach and made greater demands on the level of disclosure. Chapter 3: Further development towards the doctrine of informed consent 3.1 The medical professional has taken steps to further achieve the full introduction of informed consent into the medical world. The General Medical Council (GMC) produced comprehensive guidance to, doctors on seeking the patients consent in Seeking Patient Consent: The Ethical Considerations February 1999 (appendix I). These guidelines make particular reference to the requirement on doctors to attain informed consent, a doctrine which a few years earlier was alien to English law. Since 1992 Professor Sir Ian Kennedy LLD, a former member of the GMC, has been arguing that doctors need specific guidelines on what constitutes good practice. At that time he was the voice of the minority, however due to dramatic change in the doctor-patient relationship the GMC recognised guidelines needed to be established. The standard adopted in these guidelines resembles elements of the prudent patient test specifically that of the judgment made by Lord Scarman in Sidaway. Guidance from the GMC directs doctors to†¦take appropriate steps to find what patients want to know and ought to know about their condition and its treatment. Andrew Hockton believed that the guidelines, â€Å"should now be considered to amount to more an ethical obligation: they provide at least, a starting-point for measuring the extent of a doctors duty of care to patients† It appears that the guidelines are considered to be a benchmark for doctors to monitor their legal duty of care, to which the Bolam test fails to create. This dissertation professes that perhaps this is the responsible body of medical opinion and it seems the medical profession are setting a higher standard for both themselves and the patient. 3.2 It must be noted the development of the Human Rights Act 1998, has extended the doctrine of informed consent in medical treatment. Incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights under the Human Rights Act encourages the courts to focus more on the patients rights. This area of law includes Article 2 (the right to life), Article 3 (prohibition on inhuman or degrading treatment) and Article 8 (the right to respect for private and family life which includes the right to bodily integrity). The case R(on the application of Wilkinson) v Broadmoor Hospital illustrates how the introduction of the rights affected certain aspects of medical law. A mental patient appealed concerning a decision to administer treatment without his consent and under restraint. He claimed it infringed his rights under the European Convention of Human Rights 1950, Art.2, Art.3 and Art.8. The judge allowed the appeal stating that under the 1998 Act, it was no longer appropriate to forcible treat detained patients without a court judgement granting so. While the decision in this case would not have been so without the introduction of the Human Rights Act, it had little effect on the majority of medical consent cases. The Act was expected to have a great impact upon issues of medical consent, however it does not seem to have made a dramatic difference on the Courts decision making. 3.3 The most recent case that has dealt with the issue of informed consent is Chester v Afshar, where the claimant underwent surgery and suffered nerve damage leading to paralysis. The surgeon failed to warn Miss Chester of the inherent risk in surgery and the House of Lords decided that the risk was of sufficient quantity to determine the defendant had inadequately warned. The case is considered to show the importance the courts attached to the principle of autonomy, as Lord Hope reiterates when he states, â€Å"the duty to warn has at its heart the right of the patient to make an informed choice as to whether and if so when and by whom to be operated on.† The claimants evidence verified had she been warned of the risk she would not have agreed to surgery without at least seeking a second opinion on the necessity and risks of surgery. Therefore, a causation link was adopted by the courts to further prove negligence by the doctor. 3.4 In this case it was sufficient for her to prove that, if properly warned, she would not have consented to the operation. Dr Afshar was found to violate her right to choose, which meant she was unable to seek further advice or alternatives. Therefore, a claimant pursuing a claim in this area must prove if the information had been given, their decision as to the treatment would have caused extra consideration. Lord Steyn asserted that individuals have a right to make important decisions affecting their lives for themselves†¦in modern law paternalism no longer rules. This case was a ground breaking decision by the House of Lords, as it introduced fully informed consent and it addressed the purpose and rationale behind a doctors duty to warn. 3.5 Historically the law as taken the view that doctors are honourable and true, essentially allowing the medical profession themselves to dictate the duty to disclose. As a result of the decision made in Chester v Afshar this outlook has changed somewhat and it appears to provide a new dawn for patients rights. It has created a remedy for patients who have received insufficient information, where previously the majority of case had failed to provide such a remedy. The days of Lord Denning are long gone, meaning the doctor-friendly Bolam principle has practically been condemned worthless. While the judgement can be seen to address the reality of responsible expectations of society, it seems the judgment leaves the court with a difficult job determining who, between the patient and the doctor, is effectively legitimate when it comes to what information is disclosed. More specifically the outcome is likely to be met with distaste from doctors and there is already evidence of growing concern from within the profession. Despite the doctors concern the law of informed consent has moved on considerably from the reality where the majority of cases would fail to offer a remedy for those who had not been completely informed. As was stated by Sarah Devaney in a Medical Law Review, that back then, â€Å"It did not matter whether or not doctors were wearing the flak jackets of consent, as patients wishing to make claims about lack of information were in any event carrying unloaded guns. However, after cases, time and the materialization of certain events the doctrine of informed consent began to take effect in English law. Chapter 4: The Degree of Sufficient Information 4.1 Informed consent is based on the requirements of appropriate information to allow patients to make an informed choice. The law fails to formulate a standardize figure which can be consider significant and therefore it can only be gauged on previous cases and what the accepted amount has or has not been within these circumstances. More specifically, as no clear indication has been articulated, the judgement will be dependant on the individual facts of the case, as long as this coincides with the authoritative case law. What is clear is that failure to advise sufficiently as to the nature and purpose of the procedure may give rise to an action against the doctor. If the patient is given inadequate information, then how they able to make an informed decision and therefore be said to have given real consent? 4.2 The leading case Chester v Afshar (as discussed above) contradicted any previous beliefs of the court and that of the medical profession. The case prior to Chester was Pearce v United Bristol Health Care (as discussed above) where Lord Woolf stated that the doctor should normally inform a patient of a significant risk which would affect the judgement of a reasonable patient. It considered the balance of percentages and whether this balance would have effected the patients decision to have the treatment. The risk of 1-2 per cent in this case was not considered to be sufficient to represent a significant risk. The decision in Chester made it clear that a 1-2 per cent risk was an adequate percentage for the doctor to warn the patient. Even though, the doctor appropriately informed according to the Pearce decision and the GMC standards, Chester v Afshar brought a new way of thinking to the table. 4.3 Chester disregarded the concept of what a reasonable patient would want to know and instead looked at what each individual patient wanted to know for themselves. This meant it was more plausible for the doctor to consider the patients personality, concerns and wants and information given must be relevant to the patients decision. The involvement of the causation link enabled patients to assert their rights over decision not only on the surgery itself, but in addition on the circumstances in which it was under, for example the time, place and in whose hands the operation should be performed. The causation link made it easier for patients to receive a remedy at law, as long as they could prove that had they been sufficiently warned of the risks they wouldnt have undergone the treatment. This does not mean they need to prove that they would not have had the operation at any time, just not at that moment in time in which they did. The doctor needs to make acknowledgment to both warn of a significant risk and risks which a patient would consider relevant, even if not below significance. It left the doctors with the delicate job of determining what information individual patients wanted to know. This contemporary approach sent shock waves through the medical profession and the GMC had to amend their guidelines, as they now failed to reach a high enough standard. The new guidelines can be found In Good Medical Practice 2006. (see Appendix II) 4.4 Professional guidelines now go further and state the doctor must do his best to discover the patients individual needs and priorities to analysis what information that individual may require. When consenting to treatment patients should be aware of certain factors such as, diagnosis, prognosis, various treatment options, probabilities of success and possible side effects. This was the situation in the case Smith v Tunbridge Wells Health Authority, where a claim was brought against a 28 year old man who was not warned of the risk of impotence inherent in rectal surgery. His claim succeeded despite the risk being considered significantly low, as the judge found failure to warn such a patient of a risk of such importance to him was neither reasonable nor responsible. The doctor needed to have balanced the small risk of importance against the importance it possessed on his life. 4.5 The most effective way of obtaining consent that is currently in the English medical system is consent forms. Consent forms place emphasis on the patients rights; it gives them a sense of control and perhaps recaptures some of the faith that is said to have disappeared between doctors and patients. There is no requirement in English law that consent forms should be in writing, however the Department of Health have recommended the use model consent forms (see appendix III). The most prominent aspect is the fact it does not shy away from informed consent and instead seems to embrace it. It attempts to ensure that patients are aware that they are entitled to ask questions and expect explanations do with the medical treatment they receive. Unfortunately this way of operating is time consuming and is limited to operations and major procedures. It would not be viable for such things as checking a patients throat or examining a patients stomach, as these everyday occurrences are too frequent and considered to be too minor. Some see the consent form as purely evidential yet other believes them to signify fairness to both the patient and the doctor. It creates patient awareness of the fact that they have the right to know and for this right to be attained the patient needs to make it aware what they specifically want to know. This does not extinguish the doctors duties, he must still follow the guidelines set out in obtaining informed consent, for example, explaining the treatment and its implications. In the case Abbas v Kenny the judge stated the obligation is not placed upon the patient and it simply reaffirms their rights, yet it is still the doctors responsibility to â€Å"take into account the personality of the pati ent and the likelihood of misfortune.† 4.6 Even if a warning is given, it can not be consider a suitable warning if it is insufficiently clear to the patient and affects their ability to make a decision on information they fail to comprehend. The doctor must take responsible steps to ensure that advice is understood by the patient. To what extent is it the doctors duty to make sure the patient understands? Chapter 5: A Patients Capability to Understand 5.1 There is a rebuttable presumption that adults have capacity to consent to or refuse treatment. Therefore to make consent valid they must possess the capacity to understanding the method, consequences and benefits. If one fails to understand the information given and the inherent risks of treatment then it can not be regarded as informed consent. Care must be taken to not automatically presume those with learning difficulties are incapable; it is important for doctors to not underestimate a person from their faà §ade. Capacity is not a question of decree of intelligence or maturity of the person concerned, it incorporates elements of ability and belief. 5.2 There are different functions of what must be understood. The must frequently cited case in this context is Re C (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment) in which, Thorpe J, held that the person must understand the nature, purpose and effect of the procedure. In other words, sufficient knowledge constitutes the general functions of treatment. Another function that capacity can occupy is that held in Re T (Adult: Refusal of Traetment) where Lord Donaldson referred to knowledge in broad terms of the nature and effect of the procedure to which consent was given. The level of understanding was made important in this case and that this will differ according to the gravity of the decision. More specifically, the more serious a decision the greater capacity required and accordingly patients may have capacity to make some decisions but not others. 5.3 Assessment of a patients capacity is determined by reference to the Thorpe. Js three stage test in Re C it states the courts will assess the patients ability: to take in and retain treatment information; to believe it; to weigh that information, balancing risks and needs. In this case, a sixty-eight-year old patient was being detained in a special hospital, as he survived from schizophrenia. Despite this, the Judge ruled that the patient remained capable of understanding what he was told about the proposed treatment and the proposed risks involved. By satisfying the three points, a patient can verify that information can be given by the doctor, thought through and decided on and therefore the doctrine of informed c

Coca Cola’s Water Neutrality Initiative

Coca-Cola’s Water Neutrality Initiative 1. The public issue that the Coca-Cola Company was facing is this case was its impact on its water use in local communities. The company was depleting local water reserves and introducing dangerous levels of pesticides in its products in and around its global plants. I feel that the nonmarket stakeholders were the ones most concerned by this public issue in the beginning. The global leaders (government) understood that the depletion of the world’s water resources could have a profound effect on the world in the near future.The water shortage also had an effect on the rise in food prices, regional conflicts, and disease. This in turn caused concern in another nonmarket group the general public. The general public are on the front lines in these circumstances, especially in third world countries where there is little corporate regulation and law. Because Coca-Cola is a World Wide conglomerate the global leaders and the general publi c expect the company to lead the way in terms of corporate social responsibility.I feel that in the beginning of this issue that Coca-Cola was primarily interested in facilitating the needs of their market shareholders. However once the global leaders and general public began to take notice they soon began to sway their views in terms of more efficient and effective methods to resolve their water issues to satisfy both the market shareholders and the nonmarket shareholders. 2. I feel that the geophysical environment and the political environment are the two strategic radar screens that stand out in this particular case.The physical environment affects the behavior and development of the people, both children and adults, who live and work in it. The quality of the physical space and materials provided affects the level of involvement of the children and the quality of interaction between adults and children. Coca-Cola definitely had disrupted the water resources of the local communit ies where they conduct their packaging and manufacturing.The TCCC managers should be concerned with these public issues and increase their environmental intelligence. The political environment is the other strategic radar screen that stands out to me. Differences in laws and policies from one regional government to another can mean that doing business can be easy in one part of a country and a nightmare in another. It may even be advisable for the TCCC to relocate all or part of its business operations to eliminate the negative effects of political hostility.This falls under the TCCC’s strategic management ability to institute some type of issue management to correct the water problems they face. 3. Issue management involves anticipating trends, responding to challenging events, engaging critical stakeholders; managers are responsible for managing strategic matters that affecting their organization. In the life cycle of any project, there will almost always be unexpected prob lems and questions that arise. Most issues are, by their nature, unexpected, managers need to deal with them quickly and effectively.The first thing that TCCC must do in the management life cycle process is determine the issue or event (internal/external), that if it continues will have a significant effect on the functioning or performance of their organization or on its future interest or what is causing a gap between their corporate practices and stakeholder expectations. Next management needs to analyze the issue by seeing if these gaps lead to a contestable point of difference, the resolution of which can have important consequences for their organization.Next management should frame the issue, specify decision factors, identify environmental forces by scanning and monitoring, develop alternate scenarios, and decide implications or recommend actions. Taking action is the next step in the issue management life cycle process. Barriers to effective issues management are the lack o f clear objectives, and unwillingness or inability to act Issues management is a process with achieved results. The scanning, monitoring, prioritization and strategic decision-making steps have no value unless action is taken toward achieving specific and measurable objectives.Finally, is the evaluation process of the management life cycle. Clear and measureable objectives need to be set and defined. The TCCC management needs to find the tools that best fit the set objectives. Tools such as surveys and interviews, as well as behavioral measures such as purchasing decisions, may all be necessary to evaluate the objectives laid out for the plan to succeed. I can definitely identify that TCCC has identified the issue of poor water conservation.It also appears to me that TCCC has begun to analyze and generate options with regard to their water issues. Finally TCCC has begun to take action to reduce their wasted water numbers and reverse the cycle of waste. The only step in the process n ot clearly cover I feel would be the evaluation process of how well the program faired. 4. The Coca-Cola Company used the reports from the Center for Science and the Environment and the analysis from the secretary general of the United Nations identify the issues they were facing with their treatment of water.TCCC used environmental intelligence to develop issues on their strategic radar screen. Once TCCC managers followed and assessed these eight different environments they identified their public issues and gaps between society’s expectations and their own practices. TCCC then used the issue management life cycle process to analyze the issue, generate options, and take action to prevent and correct the issues they identified. I feel the biggest benefit to the company was a more efficient and effective method of bottling and manufacturing the products.TCCC also provide their customers with a positive corporate social responsibility. Seeing the error of their ways was the fir st step need to improve their image. TCCC went the extra mile and acted on their findings and developed a new and innovative solution to a problem that affected the communities that support their bottom line. 5. I feel based on the information in the case study the TCCC did respond in an appropriate manner to the water waste issue.Any time a corporation can curve their waste (especially on this scale) they are excepting responsibility for their success through the communities they depend on. In most cases the corporation not only improves their social image, they also save money and costs through innovative techniques and technology development. I feel that there needs to be equilibrium for corporations between maximizing profits and duty to social responsibility. Works Cited Lawrence, A. T. , & James, W. (2011). Business and Society . New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin .

Physiological life-long process Essay

Aging primarily is a physiological life-long process, starting at conception and ending with death (Kart, 1994). Persons grow old whether they like it or not. These changes, both positive and negative, place demands on the aging person’s abilities to cope with and adapt to new life situations. It is a challenge for any given society to assist their aged in coping with the new life situations they are facing. Unfortunately, the rapid social changes taking place in society do not always lend themselves toward helping the elderly meet the demands of their life situations. For one, the attitude toward this population is not helping them cope with it as well. According to historian Fischer, 1977 in Doress-Worters & Seigel, 1994), the old is regarded as useless, unattractive, and unwanted especially in the west. Acknowledging these realities of aging, the current research has been undertaken to study the experience of subjective well-being of senior citizens of Gladys Spellan. This shall be from the point of view of their administrators, particularly on their views on well being and the factors that influence it. Objectives / Outcomes This study therefore, will strive to achieve the following objectives: 1) Understand the experiences of the senior citizens of Gladys Spellman in the home for the aged from the perspective of their administrators: a) Their understanding or idea of well-being b) And the components of well being and factors that influence it. I personally chose this topic because I believe that as more and more elderly are placed under institutionalized care in contemporary society, a study such as this is needed to explore this phenomenon. It would shed light into the subjective lives experiences of the aged from an administrators’ view point. This would also contribute to the literature in this area and serve as groundwork for further studies in this area. This study will explore the subjective well-being (SWB) of the elderly in Gladys Spellmen who opted to live in an institutionalized set up or in a home for the aged by choice. The following framework will be used as a guide in the study: Method The first step in the research was the gathering of secondary data that are pertinent to the current topic, collating literature on the concept of well-being, indicators of the cognitive and affective components, and the factors which contribute towards it. A case study will be used in the current study, focusing on Gladys Spellmen Specialty Center. A semi- structured interview guide has been used in gathering primary data from the administrators of the institution. Interviewing. All the interview sessions with administrators will be one-on-one or individual interviews, for which the researcher has jotted down notes. A session with the participants lasted about 45 to 90 minutes,sometimes with a break in between or without it. The personal information sheet will be completed before or after the interview session with them. The researcher will take down notes while interviewing which shall be thematically analyzed. References Kart, C. S. (1994). The realities of aging: An introduction to gerontology (4th ed. ). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Doress-Worters P. B. , & Seigel, D. L. (1994). The new ourselves growing older. Women aging with a knowledge and power. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Photon Definition

Photon Definition Photon Definition: A photon is a discrete packet of energy associated with electromagnetic radiation (light). A photon has energy E which is proportional to the frequency ÃŽ ½ of the radiation: E hÃŽ ½, where h is Plancks constant. Also Known As: quantum, quanta (plural) Characteristics Photons are unique in that they have characteristics of both particles and waves at the same time. For students, it remains unclear as to whether a photon is a particle that travels in a wave pattern or a wave broken up into particles. Most scientists simply accept the photon as a unique packet of energy that has characteristics of both waves and particles. Properties of a Photon Behaves like a particle and a wave, simultaneouslyMoves at a constant  velocity,  c   2.9979 x 108  m/s (i.e. the speed of light), in empty spaceHas zero mass and rest energyCarries energy and momentum, which are also related to the frequency (nu)  and wavelength  (lamdba)  of the electromagnetic wave, as expressed by the equation  E  Ã‚  h nu  and  p  Ã‚  h  /  lambda.Can be destroyed/created when radiation is absorbed/emitted.Can have particle-like interactions (i.e. collisions) with electrons and other particles, such as in the  Compton effect  in which particles of light collide with atoms, causing the release of electrons.

Free Essays on T.S. Eliot

T. S. Eliot is, to many, just another name heard, but never truly known about. For a select few, he is considered one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century and â€Å"the† modernist poet and critic of all time. T. S. Eliot had a few select influences in his life that helped him and pushed him to write both his poems and his plays. Thomas Sterns Eliot had a few major influences in his life. T. S. Eliot was born in Missouri. Living in St. Louis for eighteen years of his life. He also attended Harvard while he was here. He moved to Sorbornne, having already earned both undergraduate and masters degrees. He left Paris after a year and returned to Harvard to get a doctorate in philosophy, but then left again in 1914 back to Europe where he settled in England. In 1915 he married Vivienne Haigh-Wood. He also met Ezra Pound, one of the few major influences in his life. When Pound saw some of his writings she immediately knew that he had talent. She helped in his publishing on his very first book of poems, which include â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. His new wife cheated on him for a short period, and she got continually worse physically and emotionally. Eliot continued to struggle to support himself and his wife’s deteriorating condition. In 1919, Eliot’s father died, lea ving Eliot without the chance to make right past conflicts about his marriage to Vivienne. In 1921 Eliot had a nervous breakdown and took physicians advice to take three months off for rest. During this three months, Eliot completed a poem he had been working on since 1919. Scofield Thayer, a friend from his Harvard days, had by this time become the editor of Dial, a magazine of the time. Thayer awarded Eliot with the annual prize that the magazine gave of two thousand dollars and to have an essay written by one of the more influential writers of the magazine, Edmund Wilson. In 1923, Vivienne nearly died, which drove Eliot a... Free Essays on T.S. Eliot Free Essays on T.S. Eliot T. S. Eliot is, to many, just another name heard, but never truly known about. For a select few, he is considered one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century and â€Å"the† modernist poet and critic of all time. T. S. Eliot had a few select influences in his life that helped him and pushed him to write both his poems and his plays. Thomas Sterns Eliot had a few major influences in his life. T. S. Eliot was born in Missouri. Living in St. Louis for eighteen years of his life. He also attended Harvard while he was here. He moved to Sorbornne, having already earned both undergraduate and masters degrees. He left Paris after a year and returned to Harvard to get a doctorate in philosophy, but then left again in 1914 back to Europe where he settled in England. In 1915 he married Vivienne Haigh-Wood. He also met Ezra Pound, one of the few major influences in his life. When Pound saw some of his writings she immediately knew that he had talent. She helped in his publishing on his very first book of poems, which include â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. His new wife cheated on him for a short period, and she got continually worse physically and emotionally. Eliot continued to struggle to support himself and his wife’s deteriorating condition. In 1919, Eliot’s father died, lea ving Eliot without the chance to make right past conflicts about his marriage to Vivienne. In 1921 Eliot had a nervous breakdown and took physicians advice to take three months off for rest. During this three months, Eliot completed a poem he had been working on since 1919. Scofield Thayer, a friend from his Harvard days, had by this time become the editor of Dial, a magazine of the time. Thayer awarded Eliot with the annual prize that the magazine gave of two thousand dollars and to have an essay written by one of the more influential writers of the magazine, Edmund Wilson. In 1923, Vivienne nearly died, which drove Eliot a...